This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding
therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting …

BACKGROUND: A growing number of recent investigations have established a critical role
for leukocytes in propagating tissue damage after ischemia and reperfusion in stroke …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) proteins are multifunctional cytokines whose neural
functions are increasingly recognized. The machinery of TGF-β signaling, including the …

Previous studies on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) indicate that brain edema increases
progressively in the first 24 h and remains elevated for several days. The cause of …

It is now clear that cytokines function as powerful regulators of glial cell function in the
central nervous system (CNS), either inhibiting or promoting their contribution to CNS …

Signaling by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is necessary for proper neural
development and function throughout life. Sequential waves of activation, inhibition, and …

Abstract RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATES that thrombolysis may be an effective therapy for
the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, the reperfusion of ischemic brain comes …

Transforming growth factors-βs (TGF-βs), a family of multifunctional peptide growth factors,
affect cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The three mammalian TGF-β isoforms, TGF …

Reactive gliosis is a prominent morphological feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Because astrocytes express glutamate receptors, we examined changes in metabotropic …

Cytokines are a heterogenous group of polypeptide mediators that have been associated
with activation of numerous functions, including the immune system and inflammatory …