Up to half of patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for the investigation of chest
pain do not present with evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. These patients are …

Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by episodes of rest angina that are responsive to
short-acting nitrates and are attributable to coronary artery vasospasm. The condition is …

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are the first-line treatment for coronary artery spasm
(CAS). When CAS-related angina symptoms are not well controlled by CCB therapy, long …

Coronary artery vasospasm (CAVS) plays an important role in acute chest pain syndrome
caused by transient and partial or complete occlusion of the coronary arteries …

Background Statins are generally used for patients with coronary artery disease. However,
the impact of statins in patients with vasospastic angina (VSA) is not fully understood …

Coronary vasomotor disorders (CVD) are characterized by transient hypercontraction of
coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to hypercontraction of epicardial and/or …

Cigarette smoking is undoubtedly the single most important risk factor and trigger for
vasospastic angina, a condition also known as Prinzmetal angina secondary to coronary …

Myocardial ischemia is known to occur even in the absence of coronary artery stenosis.
Ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) was first defined in 2017 …

A angina de Prinzmetal ocorre devido a um espasmo focal de uma artéria coronária
epicárdica, causando isquemia miocárdica grave. Distúrbios de contratilidade do músculo …

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are the first-line treatment for coronary artery spasm
(CAS). When CAS-related angina symptoms are not well controlled by CCB therapy, long …