There is a noticeable trend toward return migration in both developed and developing
countries, including China. Nonetheless, return migration in China has received relatively …

This study examines the long-term effects of childhood left-behind experience on human
capital outcomes across two generations in China. Using data from the China Family Panel …

Background Given the ethical limitations of exposing children to experimentally manipulated
adverse experiences, evidence of the effects of parent-child separation on subsequent …

With the rapid urbanization and mass internal migration in China during the past several
decades, the population of children who migrate with their parents to the cities has now …

This paper decomposes the impact of parental migration on the education of children left
behind. In particular, we examine whether children are enrolled in school on a timely basis …

We study how parental absence impacts children's norm obedience. Due to the prevalence
of migrant labor in China, 61 million Chinese children have been “left behind,” with one or …

Background The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been understudied
among vulnerable populations. This study aimed to examine the immediate and longer-term …

Background The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis had been proved to
calibrate to early-life adversity and puberty may reverse the calibration. This study examines …

Children's development is profoundly influenced by their families. Numerous studies have
investigated how family structure correlates with children's academic outcomes. However …

Background Prolonged parent–child separation is associated with a broad array of poor
developmental outcomes. A potential pathway may be through changes in inflammatory …