Over the past decade, advances in both molecular developmental biology and evolutionary
ecology have made possible a new understanding of organisms as dynamic systems …

Predator‐induced morphological defences (PIMDs) are ubiquitous. Many PIMDs may be
mediated by prey behaviour rather than directly cued by predators. A survey of 92 studies …

It is well known that predators can induce morphological changes in some fish: individuals
exposed to predation cues increase body depth and the length of spines. We hypothesize …

Parental information about the prevailing environmental condition may enable offspring to
adjust their phenotypes in accordance with future demands. 2. The state-of-the-art …

The ability of organisms to plastically respond to changing environments is well studied.
However, variation in phenotypic plasticity during ontogeny is less well understood despite …

Highlights•Effects of transgenerational plasticity are similar to those of developmental
plasticity in sticklebacks.•Offspring of predator-exposed males were small, in poor body …

Abstract Theory predicts that animals should adjust their escape responses to the perceived
predation risk. The information animals obtain about potential predation risk may differ …

Animals may respond to ecological heterogeneity by genetic differentiation or phenotypic
plasticity. Responses of organisms to their ecology can include adaptation at various levels …

Organisms can gain information about their environment from their ancestors, their parents
or their own personal experience.'Cue integration'models often start with the simplifying …

eel MeerHOLD Page 1 Natural selection and the adaptive radiation of Haida Gwaii stickleback
Thomas E. Reimchen, Carolyn Bergstrom* and Patrik Nosil # Department of Biology, University …