Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far,
molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is
characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones …

Norepinephrine (NE) has widespread projections throughout the brain, and thus, is ideally
positioned to orchestrate neural functions based on arousal state. For example, NE can …

Among the neuromodulators that regulate prefrontal cortical circuit function, the
catecholamine transmitters norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) stand out as powerful …

Emotionally relevant experiences form strong and long-lasting memories by critically
engaging the stress hormone/neurotransmitter noradrenaline, which mediates and …

The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is by far the least studied isotype of the beta-
adrenergic sub-family. Despite its study being long hampered by the lack of suitable animal …

Recent in vivo studies have established astrocytes as a major target for locus coeruleus
activation (Bekar et al., 2008), renewing interest in cell culture studies on noradrenergic …

MAP kinase (ERK) translates cell surface signals into alterations in transcription. We have
found that ERK also regulates hippocampal neuronal excitability during 5 Hz stimulation and …

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a critical form of cellular plasticity that is greatly
influenced by neural activity. Among the neurotransmitters that are widely implicated in …