Programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligands constitute an inhibitory pathway to
mediate the mechanism of immune tolerance and provide immune homeostasis …

Co-inhibitory immune checkpoints play a crucial role in tumor progression, and PD-1/PD-L1
inhibitor has been a breakthrough for treating multiple refractory tumors in last decade …

The strategy of using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer
treatment, leading to remarkable clinical outcomes. However, certain cancer types and …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cell therapy shows impressive efficacy treating
hematologic malignancies but requires further optimization in solid tumors. Here, we …

Abstract Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand-1
(PD-L1) are essential molecules that are key in modulating immune responses. PD-L1 is …

Immunotherapy represented by anti-PD-(L) 1 and anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors has revolutionized
cancer treatment, but challenges related to resistance and toxicity still remain. Due to the …

CD80 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the B7 family, which has emerged as a
crucial molecule in T cell modulation via the CD28 or CTLA4 axes. CD80-involved …

Immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition in glioblastoma (GBM) has not shown promising results in
the last decade compared to other solid tumors. Several factors contributing to the lack of …

Proteasomes generate antigenic peptides that are presented on the tumor surface to
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Immunoproteasomes are highly specialized proteasome variants …

V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1 (aliases VTCN1, B7H4) participates in
tumour immune escape by delivering inhibitory signals to T cells. The purpose of this article …