Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria
into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in …

Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

Background Current FDA-approved therapeutic options for patients with metastatic
melanoma include dacarbazine, interleukin 2, ipilimumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and
completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune …

Multiple macrophage products Paradoxically, the list of macrophage secretory products
(Table I) has not grown much longer in the lastfew years, despite con-tinual entries. The …

OBJECTIVES: Dental tissue disease and trauma provides an excellent model for the
interaction between tissue defence and regenerative processes and has application to many …

To determine whether mononuclear cell secretory products contribute to the changes in
bone turnover that characterize the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, we …

The concept of interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a target in osteoarthritis (OA) has been an attractive
one for many years. It is a highly potent inducer of cartilage degradation, causing the …

For the past 30 years, considerable experimentation on the mechanisms of host responses
to infection has centered on soluble products derived from phagocytic cells. The biologic …

Publisher Summary Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) participate in self-
augmentation induction mechanisms. Recombinant human IL-1 and TNF are each capable …