Acute kidney injury (AKI) prolongs hospital stay and increases mortality in various clinical
settings. Ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), nephrotoxic agents and infection leading to …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains to be an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity.
Inflammation is now believed to play a major role in the pathopathophysiology of AKI. It is …

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity in both allograft and native
kidneys. Ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury is characterized by early …

Kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) engages both the innate and adaptive immune
responses. Cellular mediators of immunity, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils …

Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been in clinical use for a very long time. Their mechanism of
action is yet to be fully delineated, but multiple ion channels have been reported as targets …

Anesthesia and analgesia are major components of many interventional studies on
laboratory animals. However, various studies have shown improper reporting or use of …

Kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is, in part, mediated by immune and inflammatory
factors. Since microbial stimuli are known to alter immune and inflammatory responses, we …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common problem in hospitalized patients that enhances
morbidity and mortality and promotes the development of chronic and end-stage renal …

Background Glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, are considered the primary
source of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. Immune insults stimulate glial cells to …

Vagus nerve stimulation can ameliorate autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
by modulation of the immune system. Its efficacy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes has not …