Carbohydrates in the form of capsular polysaccharides and/or lipopolysaccharides are the
major components on the surface of bacteria. These molecules are important virulence …

Antigenic epitopes are the part (contact points) of an antigen involved in specific interaction
with the antigen-binding site (the paratope) of an antibody or a T-cell receptor. Detailed …

T cell independent antigens do not require T cell help to induce an immune response, and
are characterized by a lack of immunologic memory. These antigens can be divided into two …

DNA vaccination has been of great interest since its discovery in the 1990s due to its ability
to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines consist of a DNA …

Encapsulated bacteria are responsible for the majority of mortality among neonates and
infants. The major components on the surface of these bacteria are polysaccharides which …

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) support cell survival that could be
interrupted by anti-TACA antibodies. Among TACAs that mediate cell survival signals are the …

Antibodies that react with many different molecular species of protein and non-protein nature
are widely studied in biology and have particular utilities, but the precise epitopes …

Vaccination is a rational alternative to treatment for Cryptococcus neoformans infections, as
these infections are currently intractable in immunocompromised (including HIV-infected) …

The GD2 ganglioside expressed on neuroectodermally derived tumors, including
neuroblastoma and melanoma, is weakly immunogenic in tumor-bearing patients and …

Antibodies against GD1a, GM1 and related gangliosides are frequently present in patients
with the motor variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), and their pathological role in this …