In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons have evolved as a highly heterogeneous
collection of cell types that are characterized by their unique spatial and temporal …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

Disruption of autophagy plays an import role in neurodegenerative disorders, where
deficient elimination of abnormal and toxic protein aggregates promotes cellular stress …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Over the past two decades, our understanding of phospoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) has
progressed from the identification of an enzymatic activity associated with growth factors …

Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three closely related isoforms Akt1,
Akt2 and Akt3 (or PKBα/β/γ respectively). We have a very good understanding of the …

Complex neuronal circuitries such as those found in the mammalian cerebral cortex have
evolved as balanced networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Although the …

Curcumin, a nontoxic, naturally occurring polyphenol, has been recently proposed for the
management of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. However, a discrepancy …

Central and peripheral insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which include insulin, insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF2, exert many effects in the brain. Through their actions on brain …

Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating
the serine/threonine kinase Akt, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of …