The often studied stretch reflex is fundamental to the involuntary control of posture and
movement. Nevertheless, there remains controversy regarding its functional role. Many …

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs) are commonly described as unconscious
muscular activities aimed to counterbalance the perturbation caused by the primary …

Context Neuromuscular deficits are common in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI).
Corticomotor pathways are very influential in the production of voluntary muscle function, yet …

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on balance.
METHODS: 87 subjects with subjective memory impairment were enrolled, and subdivided …

Walking, although a largely automatic process, is controlled by the cortex and the spinal
cord with corrective reflexes modulated through integration of neural signals from central …

Key points Increases in activity of trunk muscles that occur prior to, or concurrent with, a
voluntary limb movement are termed anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). APAs are …

To interact successfully with an uncertain environment, organisms must be able to respond
to both unanticipated and anticipated events. For unanticipated events, organisms have …

Recent works provide evidences that anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are
programmed with the prime mover recruitment as a shared posturo-focal command …

Human motor cortex can activate pelvic floor muscles (PFM), but the motor cortical
representation of the PFM is not well characterized. PFM representation is thought to be …

Evidence suggests that the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in both voluntary, goal-
directed movements and in postural control. Trunk muscles are involved in both tasks …