Drug addiction is a chronic and debilitating disease that is considered a global health
problem. Various cell types in the brain are involved in the progression of drug addiction …

Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is used as a standard adjuvant for the induction of
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that regulates the
activation of immune cells, which is a target for treating inflammation. In this study …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease nowadays that
causes memory impairments. It is characterized by extracellular aggregates of amyloid‐beta …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease that
negatively affects neurotransmission. It can be pathologically mimicked by experimental …

Background: Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) activation is implicated in
neuropathic pain-like symptoms. However, whether TRPA1 is solely implicated in pain …

Up to 92% of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) experience pain, most without
adequate treatment, and many report pain long before motor symptoms associated with MS …

Pain management after oral surgeries is essential to enhance recovery, reduce negative
outcomes and improve the experience of the patient. Naltrexone (NTX) is a non-selective …

Intrathecal delivery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy has been reported to be effective
in suppressing pain enhancement in a variety of rodent models. However, all publications …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the main components of the innate immune system.
They can detect conserved structures in microorganisms and molecules associated with …