The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling
metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes.
However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase …

Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly
accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic …

We report that astrocytic insulin signaling co-regulates hypothalamic glucose sensing and
systemic glucose metabolism. Postnatal ablation of insulin receptors (IRs) in glial fibrillary …

Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory
disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of …

Insulin receptors, as well as IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are
distributed throughout the brain. Insulin acts on these receptors to modulate peripheral …

Adaptive thermogenesis is the process of heat generation in response to cold stimulation. It
is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, whose chief effector is the …

The primary task of white adipose tissue (WAT) is the storage of lipids. However," beige"
adipocytes also exist in WAT. Beige adipocytes burn fat and dissipate the energy as heat …