Abstract In 2016 the World Health Organization reported 39% of the world's adult population
(over 18 y) was overweight, with western countries such as Australia and the United States …

One of the major challenges in preclinical studies of alcohol abuse and dependence
remains the development of paradigms that will elicit high ethanol intake and mimic the …

Rationale Emerging evidence suggests that the α4β2 form of the nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) modulates the rewarding effects of alcohol. The nAChR α4β2 subunit …

Currently, 8.5% of the US population meets criteria for alcohol use disorders, with a total cost
to the US economy estimated at $234 billion per year. Alcohol and tobacco use share a high …

Addictive drugs can activate systems involved in normal reward-related learning, creating
long-lasting memories of the drug's reinforcing effects and the environmental cues …

Alcohol and nicotine are often co-abused. As many as 80–95% of alcoholics are also
smokers, suggesting that ethanol and nicotine, the primary addictive component of tobacco …

Alcohol consumption afflicts men and women differently. However, the underlying neuronal
mechanisms that contribute to the difference are mostly unexplored. Although more men …

Concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol or psychostimulants represents a major public health
concern, with use of one substance influencing consumption of the other. Co-abuse of these …

Rationale Women represent a vulnerable and growing population with respect to alcohol
abuse. Elevated glucocorticoid exposure in adolescence increases addiction risk and stress …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD), as currently defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
5th Edition (DSM–5), is a heterogeneous disorder stemming from a complex interaction of …