This paper reviews key properties and major unsolved problems about Strong Thermal
Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the picket fence. We first introduce the basic …

We report on a novel scenario of subauroral arcs within strong subauroral ion drifts (SAID)‐
STEVE and Picket Fence. Their explanation requires a local source of low‐energy, ε< 18.75 …

During the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, citizen scientist observations from Dunedin
(45.95° S, 170.32° E), New Zealand, revealed a bright wide red arc known as stable auroral …

We present a unified approach to subauroral arcs within intense subauroral ion drifts (SAID),
which explains the observed transition of a precursor Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc into …

In this study, we present an analysis of the spectral transition of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR)
arc to Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emission observed by the …

Land surface processes are strongly associated with heat waves (HWs). However, how the
uncertainties in land surface processes owing to inaccurate physical parameters influence …

During geomagnetically active intervals, latitudinally narrow channels of fast westward ion
drifts were at times observed in the subauroral region. They are termed the “subauroral ion …

We describe a mechanism to explain the subauroral emission feature called STEVE (Strong
Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement), with a focus on its continuum spectrum …

Strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is an optical phenomenon of the
subauroral ionosphere arising from extreme ion drift speeds. STEVE consists of two distinct …

The subauroral ion drift (SAID) denotes a latitudinally narrow channel of fast westward ion
drift in the subauroral region, often observed during geomagnetically disturbed intervals …