Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

Acute nociceptive pain is a key defence system that enables the detection of danger signals
that threaten homeostasis and survival. However, chronic pain (such as the neuropathic …

Inflammation is the body's response to injury and infection, involving a complex biological
response of the somatosensory, immune, autonomic, and vascular systems. Inflammatory …

Acute pain is protective and a cardinal feature of inflammation. Chronic pain after arthritis,
nerve injury, cancer, and chemotherapy is associated with chronic neuroinflammation, a …

Interactions between central glial cells and neurons in the pain circuitry are critical
contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the central nervous system (CNS), two …

Although substantial evidence has established that microglia and astrocytes play a key role
in the establishment and maintenance of persistent pain in animal models, the role of glial …

Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly
debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has …

Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane
hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the …