Background Smoking during pregnancy has been linked to numerous adverse health
consequences for both the developing fetus and mother. We estimated the prevalence of …

Clefts of the lip and/or palate (CLP) are common birth defects of complex aetiology. CLP can
occur in isolation or as part of a broad range of chromosomal, Mendelian or teratogenic …

Hypodontia, or tooth agenesis, is the most prevalent craniofacial malformation in humans. It
may occur as part of a recognised genetic syndrome or as a nonsyndromic isolated trait …

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the
United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital …

This Technical Report was retired March 2019. Prenatal substance abuse continues to be a
significant problem in this country and poses important health risks for the developing fetus …

BACKGROUND There is uncertainty over whether maternal smoking is associated with birth
defects. We conducted the first ever comprehensive systematic review to establish which …

Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of CPO varies
substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births, with the highest rates in …

Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and
cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders …

Background Smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and the postpartum period has serious
health outcomes for the mother and infant. Although some systematic reviews have shown …

There is considerable ambiguity in the use of terminology when referring to orofacial clefts
(OFCs). Many clinicians incorrectly refer to OFCs as deformities, which are said to be the …