This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Background Tramadol, a 4-phenyl-piperidine analog of codeine, has a unique action in that
it has a central opioidergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic analgesic, and peripheral local …

Background: Brachial plexus block is a reliable, regional anesthetic technique for upper arm
surgeries. Opioid agonist-antagonists are also used as adjuvant to enhance the analgesia of …

BACKGROUND Peripheral regional anaesthesia is frequently used for upper extremity
surgery. To prolong the duration of analgesia, adjuvants can be added to single-injection …

Background: Nalbuphine is a derivative of 14-hydroxymorphine which is a strong analgesic
with mixed k agonist and μ antagonist. Nalbuphine was studied several times as adjuvant to …

Objectives Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block used for management of surgical
abdominal pain by injecting local anesthetics into the plane between the internal oblique …

Purpose Prolonged postoperative analgesia with early motor recovery for early rehabilitation
is a challenge in regional block. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding …

Objective. To assess if the addition of fentanyl to brachial plexus block has an impact on
anesthetic outcomes and complication rates in patients undergoing upper extremity …

BACKGROUND Regional paraspinal nerve block techniques have shown promise in
cervical spine surgery pain relief and opioid reduction. The study aims to evaluate cervical …

Results: There were no significant differences in patient and surgery characteristics between
two groups. In Group D, shorter time to onset of sensory block (09.8 vs. 15.3 min, P= 0.006) …