Neuroscience research has historically demonstrated sex bias that favors male over female
research subjects, as well as sex omission, which is the lack of reporting sex. Here we …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural
mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher …

Neuroscience research has historically ignored female animals. This neglect comes in two
general forms. The first is sex bias, defined as favoring one sex over another; in this case …

On the social scale, the blind mole rat (BMR; Spalax ehrenbergi) is an extreme. It is
exceedingly solitary, territorial, and aggressive. BMRs reside underground, in self-excavated …

The nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) is a striatal brain region essential for integrating
motivated behavior and reward processing with premotor function. In humans and rodents …

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are known modulators of social behaviour across
rodents. Research has revealed the location of action of these nonapeptides through …

The caudate-putamen is a striatal brain region essential for sensorimotor behaviors, habit
learning, and other cognitive and premotor functions. The output and predominant neuron of …

Biomedical research is dominated by relatively few nonhuman animals to investigate
healthy and disease conditions. Research has overrelied on these models due to their well …

Birdsong learning, like human speech, depends on the early memorization of auditory
models, yet how initial auditory experiences are formed and consolidated is unclear. In …