Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a serious septicemic bacterial disease of salmonid fish
species. It is caused by Yersinia ruckeri, a Gram-negative rod-shaped enterobacterium. It …

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating a
diverse range of physiological processes in vertebrates. TNFs function by activating a large …

Tetrapods contain a single CD4 coreceptor with four Ig domains that likely arose from a
primordial two-domain ancestor. Notably, teleost fish contain two CD4 genes. Like tetrapod …

Reduced parasitic infection rates in the developed world are suspected to underlie the rising
prevalence of autoimmune disorders. However, the long-term evolutionary consequences of …

Despite the importance and success of vaccination against bacterial diseases in fish, little is
known about the mechanisms of vaccine-induced disease resistance. In this study a known …

Innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early
stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. In the present study, we …

Selective breeding programmes involving marker assisted selection of innately pathogen
resistant strains of rainbow trout rely on reliable controlled infection studies, extensive DNA …

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has proven to be an unsustainable practice
leading to increased bacterial resistance. An alternative strategy involves the inclusion of …

Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a marine fish with high financial value; however, the
frequent occurrence of bacterial diseases has caused a production decline and economic …

A teleost's kidney was divided into head kidney and trunk kidney. The head kidney is an
important lymphatic organ, while the trunk kidney mainly performs osmotic pressure …