Bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to widespread antibiotic
resistance among pathogens. This review aims to give an overview of the major horizontal …

Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of
microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae …

Summary: Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most
anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile genetic elements
found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These elements primarily reside in …

Horizontal genomics is a new field in prokaryotic biology that is focused on the analysis of
DNA sequences in prokaryotic chromosomes that seem to have originated from other …

Antibiotics are used in animal livestock production for therapeutic treatment of disease and
at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. It is …

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), in association with antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB),
have been identified as widespread contaminants of treated drinking waters and …

Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental
compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils …

Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on
an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome …

Antibiotics are a major tool utilized by the health care industry to fight bacterial infections;
however, bacteria are highly adaptable creatures and are capable of developing resistance …