Five canonical tastes, bitter, sweet, umami (amino acid), salty, and sour (acid), are detected
by animals as diverse as fruit flies and humans, consistent with a near-universal drive to …

The evolutionary origins of the three major families of chemoreceptors in arthropods—the
odorant receptor (OR), gustatory receptor (GR), and ionotropic receptor (IR) families …

The~ 100 MB genome of C. elegans codes for~ 20,000 protein-coding genes many of which
are required for the function of the nervous system, composed of 302 neurons in the adult …

Despite recent improvements in microscope technologies, segmenting and tracking cells in
three-dimensional time-lapse images (3D+ T images) to extract their dynamic positions and …

Photoreceptors for visual perception, phototaxis or light avoidance are typically clustered in
eyes or related structures such as the Bolwig organ of Drosophila larvae. Unexpectedly, we …

Abstract Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is the first light-driven Na+ pump
discovered, and is viewed as a potential next-generation optogenetics tool. Since the …

Classical and modern ethological studies suggest that animal behavior is organized
hierarchically across timescales, such that longer-timescale behaviors are composed of …

Chemosensory neurons translate perception of external chemical cues, including odorants,
tastants, and pheromones, into information that drives attraction or avoidance motor …

INTRODUCTION Global brain states such as sleep and wakefulness involve
reconfigurations of neural circuit activity across the entire nervous system. Yet it is not …

C. elegans is widely used to dissect how neural circuits and genes generate behavior.
During locomotion, worms initiate backward movement to change locomotion direction …