The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Entire reconstitution of tRNAs for active protein production in a cell-free system brings
flexibility into the genetic code engineering. It can also contribute to the field of cell-free …

Conditionally replicating viruses (CRVs) are a type of virus with one or more essential gene
functions that are impaired resulting in the disruption of viral genome replication, protein …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to
environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics …

The synthetic yeast, Sc2. 0, is nearing completion as consolidation of all 17 synthetic
chromosomes into a single cell advances. This organism will be the first synthetic eukaryote …

Noncoding RNA plays an important role in all aspects of the cellular life cycle, from the very
basic process of protein synthesis to specialized roles in cell development and …

The chemical and physical properties of proteins are limited by the 20 canonical amino
acids. Genetic code manipulation allows for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids …

Highlights•The structure of each tRNA has beentuned'by evolution in a unique
manner.•Several steps in ribosomal decoding are subject to tRNA tuning.•An unnatural …

Within the broad field of synthetic biology, genetic code expansion (GCE) techniques enable
creation of proteins with an expanded set of amino acids. This may be invaluable for …