Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), including those for Na+, Ca2+ and K+, selectively
permeate ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential …

Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from
the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors …

The neuronal-type (N-type) voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels, which are designated
Cav2. 2, have an important role in the release of neurotransmitters,–. Ziconotide is a Cav2. 2 …

INTRODUCTION The nine subtypes of mammalian voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels,
Nav1. 1 to Nav1. 9, are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in …

Voltage-gated calcium channels couple depolarization of the cell-surface membrane to entry
of calcium, which triggers secretion, contraction, neurotransmission, gene expression, and …

Ion channels play a central role in the regulation of nearly every cellular process. Dating
back to the classic 1952 Hodgkin–Huxley model of the generation of the action potential, ion …

The voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels convert membrane electrical signals to
intracellular Ca2+-mediated events. Among the ten subtypes of Cav channel in mammals …

INTRODUCTION Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels are responsible for the generation
and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. They undergo voltage-dependent …

Abstract Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological
macromolecules often aids understanding of how they perform complicated tasks in the cell …

Calcium carries messages to virtually all important functions of cells. Although it was already
active in unicellular organisms, its role became universally important after the transition to …