Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome newly affects 1–3 per 100,000 children per year.
Approximately 85% of cases show complete remission of proteinuria following …

Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate
metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid …

Background Thyroid hormones are critical for early neurocognitive development as well as
growth and development throughout childhood. Prompt recognition and treatment of …

Background In recent years, the relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
and obesity has been widely discussed. However, it is unclear how thyroid hormone …

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small-non coding RNAs endowed with great regulatory power, thus
playing key roles not only in almost all physiological pathways, but also in the pathogenesis …

The evaluation and management of hypothyroidism in children are similar to adults, but
there are important differences based on the dependence on normal thyroid function for …

Aim Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as elevated thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH)
levels with the normal concentrations of thyroxine (T4) or free thyroxine (fT4), and its clinical …

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is defined by serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels
either greater or less than the reference range with normal thyroxine (T4) concentrations …

Hypothyroidism means an underactive thyroid gland. This leads to a decrease in the
functioning of the thyroid gland. It is a very common endocrine disorder that causes under …

The increasing incidence of obesity in the pediatric population requires attention to its
serious complications. It turns out that in addition to typical, well-known metabolic …