Chloroplasts overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under unfavorable environmental
conditions, and these ROS are implicated in both signaling and oxidative damage. There is …

Iron plays a crucial role in biochemistry and is an essential micronutrient for plants and
humans alike. Although plentiful in the Earth's crust it is not usually found in a form readily …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

Sessile plants harness mitochondria and chloroplasts to sense and adapt to diverse
environmental stimuli. These complex processes involve the generation of pivotal signaling …

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and algae and, by extension, are
essential for most life on Earth. Their maintenance is costly and complex due to the inherent …

Energy production by chloroplasts and mitochondria causes constant oxidative damage. A
functioning photosynthetic cell requires quality-control mechanisms to turn over and …

Acclimation is the capacity to adapt to environmental changes within the lifetime of an
individual. This ability allows plants to cope with the continuous variation in ambient …

Biosynthesis of chlorophyll (Chl) involves many enzymatic reactions that share several first
steps for biosynthesis of other tetrapyrroles such as heme, siroheme, and phycobilins. Chl …

The heme branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis contributes to the regulation of chlorophyll
levels. However, the mechanism underlying the balance between chlorophyll and heme …

Background Non-essential trance metal such as cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants. Although
some plants have developed elaborate strategies to deal with absorbed Cd through multiple …