After nearly four decades of research, a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive.
There are many reasons why the development of a potent and durable HIV-1 vaccine is …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Natural evolution must explore a vast landscape of possible sequences for desirable yet
rare mutations, suggesting that learning from natural evolutionary strategies could guide …

INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant mammalian antibody
isotype, constituting more than 80% of all antibody-secreting plasma cells at steady state …

Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity
of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with …

Global research to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the isolation and
characterization of thousands of human antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein …

Activation-Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID) initiates affinity maturation and isotype
switching by deaminating deoxycytidines within immunoglobulin genes, leading to somatic …

Secondary lymphoid tissues share the important function of bringing together antigens and
rare antigen‐specific lymphocytes to foster induction of adaptive immune responses. Peyer's …

Accumulation of mutations in somatic cells has been implicated as a cause of aging since
the 1950s. However, attempts to establish a causal relationship between somatic mutations …

INTRODUCTION Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is made by intestinal plasma cells and
has roles both in protection from gut pathogens and in maintaining homeostasis of intestinal …