This paper presents an experiment to verify the safety effect of resolving an open capacitor
failure by 4-pin capacitor structures or 2-pin capacitor structures by cut the copper pattern of …

Oscillator circuits with a CMOS Schmitt trigger-inverter are commonly used in applications
that relate to relay driver circuits. It is possible to devise a fail-dangerous occurrence from the …

In fail-safe systems, a 2-out-of-3 voter is responsible for processing the monitoring of failures
of the sensor unit in the system. When a failure has occurred and the outputs directly drive …

This research presented an electronic load circuit for electrical safety by using a serial mode
comparator as a protection device against surges caused by electrical power lacking …

This article presented multi-level swell voltage control for minimizing the damage to an on-
grid system between 1.3 to 1.8 pu. in compliance with the value regulated by IEEE and IEC …

The functional safety (FS) design of electric motor drive systems for Safety Integrate Level 3
(SIL 3). It aims to establish the safety principles and safety operation of electric motor drive …

This article presented the application of a safety comparator in the track circuit of a railway
signaling system for counting the overvoltage caused by voltage fluctuation resulting in the …

This article presents the application of a multi-stage window comparator circuit with safety
mode for swell voltage control in low voltage systems that lack stability and electrical quality …

The window comparator circuit operates by comparing the input signal's level with a
predetermined range of levels. If the signal falls within this specified range, the output will be …

English This paper presented the fail-safe relay drive circuits with digital logic ICs sequential
switching that the serial sequence was according to the ISO 13849-2 standard. The boost …