Risk effects arise when prey alter their behavior in response to predators, and these
responses carry costs. Empirical studies have found that risk effects can be large …

We review the concepts and research associated with measuring fear and its consequences
for foraging. When foraging, animals should and do demand hazardous duty pay. They …

Predator effects on prey demography have traditionally been ascribed solely to direct killing
in studies of population ecology and wildlife management. Predators also affect the prey's …

A growing number of studies quantify the impact of nonlethal human disturbance on the
behavior and reproductive success of animals. Athough many are well designed and …

Recent evidence suggests that sexually selected traits have unexpectedly high genetic
variance. In this paper, we offer a simple and general mechanism to explain this …

Trophic cascades are regarded as important signals for top‐down control of food web
dynamics. Although there is clear evidence supporting the existence of trophic cascades, the …

Animals are frequently faced with trade-offs created by the fact that both resource acquisition
and risk of mortality increase with activity, for example, with foraging speed or time spent …

To understand modern principles of sustainable management and the conservation of
wildlife species requires intimate knowledge about demography, animal behavior, and …

Models of Adaptive Behaviour sets out a framework for adaptive explanations of behaviour,
and applies this to give analyses of a range of biological issues such as energetic gain …

While the impacts of high exploitation on fish populations and aquatic ecosystems are well-
documented for commercial fishing, particularly in the marine environment, the potential …