Programming is a complex task that requires the development of many skills including
knowledge of syntax, problem decomposition, algorithm development, and debugging …

AI code generators like OpenAI Codex have the potential to assist novice programmers by
generating code from natural language descriptions, however, over-reliance might …

Parsons problems are a type of programming exercise where students rearrange jumbled
code blocks of a solution program back into its original form. It is usually implemented as a …

The recent emergence of code generation tools powered by large language models has
attracted wide attention. Models such as OpenAI Codex can take natural language problem …

One of the most commonly cited theories in computing education research is cognitive load
theory (CLT), which explains how learning is affected by the bottleneck of human working …

Novice programmers need differentiated assessments (such as adaptive Parsons problems)
to maximize their ability to learn how to program. Parsons problems require learners to place …

In this paper, we explore using Parsons problems to scaffold novice programmers who are
struggling while solving write-code problems. Parsons problems, in which students put …

This article reviews literature on worked examples in the context of programming activities.
We focus on two types of examples, namely, code-tracing and code-generation, because …

This paper introduces Crescendo, a self-paced programming practice environment that
combines the block-based and visual, interactive programming of Snap!, with the structured …

Students are often asked to learn programming by writing code from scratch. However, many
novices struggle to write code and get frustrated when their code does not work. Parsons …