Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal
Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in …

Macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DCs) are critical antigen presenting cells that play
pivotal roles in host responses to biomaterial implants. Although Mϕs have been widely …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of the innate immune response
against intracellular bacteria and it is thought that professional phagocytes generate ROS …

Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising tools for such applications as tissue
engineering and cellular therapy. It is not clear how stem cells exposed to unfavorable …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal components of the innate immune response, which is
responsible for eradicating invading microorganisms through the induction of inflammatory …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are vital to immune function through the
sensing of pathogenic agents and initiation of an appropriate immune response. More …

Mucosal surfaces represent the main sites in which environmental microorganisms and
antigens interact with the host. In particular the intestinal mucosal surfaces are in continuous …

Modern adjuvants should induce strong and balanced immune responses, and it is often
desirable to induce specific types of immunity. As an example, efficient Th1-immunity …

Background Transcriptional profiling using microarrays provides a unique opportunity to
decipher host pathogen cross-talk on the global level. Here, for the first time, we have been …

The signaling pathways of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) are well characterized, but
the initial molecular mechanisms activated following ligand interactions with the receptors …