▪ Abstract Iron is an essential element for most organisms, including bacteria. The oxidized
form is insoluble, and the reduced form is highly toxic for most macromolecules and, in …

Iron is essential to nearly all life forms on Earth, required for the proper function of enzymes
involved in, for example, respiration, photosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nitrogen …

Release of hemoglobin into plasma is a physiological phenomenon associated with
intravascular hemolysis. In plasma, stable haptoglobin‐hemoglobin complexes are formed …

Heme serves as a co-factor in proteins involved in fundamental biological processes
including oxidative metabolism, oxygen storage and transport, signal transduction and drug …

Efficient iron acquisition is critical for an invading microbe's survival and virulence. Most of
the iron in mammals is incorporated into heme, which can be plundered by certain bacterial …

Gram-negative bacteria use specific heme uptake systems, relying on outer membrane
receptors and excreted heme-binding proteins (hemophores) to scavenge and actively …

Bacterial hemophores are secreted to the extracellular medium, where they scavenge heme
from various hemoproteins due to their higher affinity for this compound, and return it to their …

Heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular heme may result
in oxidative stress and membrane injury. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor …

Heme, a major iron source, is transported through the outer membrane of Gram-negative
bacteria by specific heme/hemoprotein receptors and through the inner membrane by heme …

HasA is an extracellular heme binding protein, and HasR is an outer membrane receptor
protein from Serratia marcescens. They are the initial partners of a heme internalization …