Macrophages can be affected by a variety of factors to change their phenotype and thus
affect their function. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two categories, M1-like …

During angiogenesis, new vessels emerge from existing endothelial lined vessels to
promote the degradation of the vascular basement membrane and remodel the extracellular …

Cancer development is highly associated to the physiological state of the tumor
microenvironment (TME). Despite the existing heterogeneity of tumors from the same or from …

Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and brain injuries devastate patients and
their families, but currently no drugs on the market promote neurological recovery. Limited …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

Humans circulate quadrillions of exosomes at all times. Exosomes are a class of
extracellular vesicles released by all cells, with a size range of 40–150 nm and a lipid …

Abstract Development of functional nanomaterials is of great importance and significance for
advanced drug delivery and therapy. Nevertheless, exogenous nanomaterials have a great …

Background This review focuses on exosomes derived from various cancer cells. The review
discusses the possibility of differentiating macrophages in alternatively activated anti …

Exosomes constitute an emerging biomarker for cancer diagnosis because they carry
multiple proteins that reflect the origins of parent cells. Assessing exosome surface proteins …

Developing tumors rapidly outgrow their oxygen supply and are subject to hypoxia, which
stimulates hypersecretion of tumor-derived exosomes that promote angiogenesis …