It has been a decade since it was discovered that primary cilia have an essential role in
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammals. This discovery came from screens in the mouse that …

Intracellular transport is fundamental for cellular function, survival and morphogenesis.
Kinesin superfamily proteins (also known as KIFs) are important molecular motors that …

Background The specialisation of mammalian cells in time and space requires genes
associated with specific pathways and functions to be co-ordinately expressed. Here we …

Cilia are complex structures that have garnered interest because of their roles in vertebrate
development and their involvement in human genetic disorders. In contrast to multicellular …

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a multisystemic disorder typified by developmental and
progressive degenerative defects. A combination of genetic, in vitro, and in vivo studies have …

Although first described as early as 1898 and long considered a vestigial organelle of little
functional importance, the primary cilium has become one of the hottest research topics in …

Cartilage and endochondral bone development require SOX9 activity to regulate
chondrogenesis, chondrocyte proliferation, and transition to a non-mitotic hypertrophic state …

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is highly conserved among species and plays indispensable roles
in various developmental processes. There are three Hh members in mammals; one of …

The vertebrate cranial base is a complex structure composed of bone, cartilage and other
connective tissues underlying the brain; it is intimately connected with development of the …

β-Arrestins have important roles in the regulation of seven-transmembrane receptors
(7TMRs). Smoothened (Smo) is a 7TMR that mediates effects of Hedgehog on …