The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all
biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric …

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is composed of three homologous subunits and
allows the flow of Na+ ions across high resistance epithelia, maintaining body salt and water …

In recent years, ontologies have become a mainstream topic in biomedical research. When
biological entities are described using a common schema, such as an ontology, they can be …

Abstract Background Gene Ontology (GO) is a standard vocabulary of functional terms and
allows for coherent annotation of gene products. These annotations provide a basis for new …

Is the order in which proteins assemble into complexes important for biological function?
Here, we seek to address this by searching for evidence of evolutionary selection for …

The protein universe is the set of all proteins of all organisms. Here, all currently known
sequences are analyzed in terms of families that have single-domain or multidomain …

Background Most proteins interact with only a few other proteins while a small number of
proteins (hubs) have many interaction partners. Hub proteins and non-hub proteins differ in …

Many proteins, especially in eukaryotes, contain tandem repeats of several domains from
the same family. These repeats have a variety of binding properties and are involved in …

It has been known for the last couple of decades that proteins evolve partly through
rearrangements of larger fragments, typically domains. These units are considered the basic …

Gene duplication is postulated to have played a major role in the evolution of biological
novelty. Here, gene duplication is examined across levels of biological organization in an …