Certain macrophage phenotypes contribute to tissue fibrosis, but why? Tissues host resident
mononuclear phagocytes for their support to maintain homeostasis. Upon injury the …

Endothelium is the largest organ in the body strategically located between the wall of blood
vessels and the blood stream. The human body contains approximately 1013 endothelial …

The overall production of nitric oxide (NO) is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
which contributes to cardiovascular events and further progression of kidney damage. There …

The role of preexisting collateral channels in the heart is far less well established. Early
studies failed to show the existence of coronary-to-coronary artery connection in normal …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular
diseases. During CKD, the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS)—derived from tryptophan …

Reviewing the current picture of uremic toxicity reveals its complexity. Focusing on
cardiovascular damage as a model of uremic effects resulting in substantial morbidity and …

Nitric oxide (NO) production is reduced in renal disease, partially due to decreased
endothelial NO production. Evidence indicates that NO deficiency contributes to …

The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) correlates with endothelial
dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in humans. We explored whether angiotensin II receptor …

The ideal way to prevent and cure atherosclerosis and the subsequent end organ damage is
to restore and rejuvenate the dysfunctional vasculature and the damaged organs. Various …

Since beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is a surrogate marker for middle molecular weight uremic
toxins and the major protein component in dialysis-related amyloidosis, it has been …