Over the past several decades, there has been an upward trend in the total number of spinal
fusion procedures worldwide. Advanced spinal fusion techniques with or without internal …

Chronic periapical periodontitis (CAP) is a typical oral disease in which periodontal
inflammation caused by an odontogenic infection eventually leads to bone loss …

Chronic low back pain (LBP) remains a challenging condition to treat, and especially to cure.
If conservative treatment approaches fail, the current “gold standard” for intervertebral disc …

In the field of orthopaedics, bone defects caused by severe trauma, infection, tumor
resection, and skeletal abnormalities are very common. However, due to the lengthy and …

Spinal fusion is the most widely performed procedure in spine surgery. It is the preferred
treatment for a wide variety of pathologies including degenerative disc disease …

Objective With the advances in biological technologies over the past 20 years, a number of
new therapies to promote bone healing have been introduced. Particularly in the spinal …

In recent years, interbody fusion cages have played an important role in interbody fusion
surgery for treating diseases like disc protrusion and spondylolisthesis. However, traditional …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a major contributor to low back pain (LBP), and
inflammatory factors play crucial roles in its pathogenesis. Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) has …

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is an important cause of low back pain. Repetitive tensile
stress from the daily motion of the spine predisposes it to injury of the annulus fibrosus (AF) …

A fracture that does not unite in nine months is defined as nonunion. Nonunion is common in
fragmented fractures and large bone defects where vascularization is impaired. The distal …