Genetic variation, which is generated by mutation, recombination and gene flow, can reduce
the mean fitness of a population, both now and in the future. This 'genetic load'has been …

The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Advances in DNA sequencing and machine learning are providing insights into protein
sequences and structures on an enormous scale. However, the energetics driving folding …

Ensuring cellular protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, requires precise control of protein
synthesis, folding, conformational maintenance, and degradation. A complex and adaptive …

Ever since the “great oxidation event,” Earth's cellular life forms had to cope with the danger
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting the integrity of biomolecules and hampering …

Plasmids mediate the horizontal transmission of genetic information between bacteria,
facilitating their adaptation to multiple environmental conditions. An especially important …

Summary mRNA degradation represents a critical regulated step in gene expression.
Although the major pathways in turnover have been identified, accounting for disparate half …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has
been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the …

INTRODUCTION Temperature is crucially important to life. Small temperature changes can
differentiate optimal and lethal growth conditions of living organisms. Because of the higher …