What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines that appeared about 650 million years ago, at
the emergence of vertebrates, and are responsible for regulating cell migration under both …

A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper
T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations …

Abstract Interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) is probably one of the most relevant cytokines
orchestrating the immune response in vertebrates. Although the activities mediated by this …

IFN-γ, as the sole member of mammalian type II IFN, is a multifunctional cytokine which
exerts its effects through two distinct IFN-γ receptors, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. However, in …

Gene duplication leads to subfunctionalization of paralogs. In mammals, IFN-γ is the sole
member of the type II IFN family and binds to a receptor complex consisting of IFN-γR1 and …