The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in
conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement …

Despite the best available medical treatments, many patients continue to be disabled by
neurologic and psychiatric disorders, resulting in a large unmet need. Advances in imaging …

Hyperkinetic states are common in human movement disorders, but their neural basis
remains uncertain. One such condition is dyskinesia, a serious adverse effect of medical and …

When formulating a DBS treatment plan for a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD), two
critical questions should be addressed:(1) Which brain target should be chosen to optimize …

Dyskinesias encompass a variety of different hyperkinetic phenomenologies, particularly
chorea, dystonia, stereotypies, and akathisia. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is one of …

Object Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with
advanced Parkinson disease (PD). The globus pallidus internus (GPi) and the subthalamic …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an emerging interventional therapy for well-screened
patients with specific treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric diseases. Some neuropsychiatric …

Introduction The globus pallidus internus (GPi) region has evolved as a potential target for
deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). DBS of the GPi (GPi DBS) is an …

The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of the literature on the topic of deep
brain stimulation (DBS) and its effects on swallowing function in Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Objective To compare the efficacy of subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus
internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on reducing levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID) …