The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a central role in protein translation. Studying them has been
difficult in part because a simple method to simultaneously quantify their abundance and …

The genetic code is degenerate, and most amino acids are encoded by two to six
synonymous codons. Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is a …

Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular
processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as …

Background Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, most amino acids can be encoded
by multiple synonymous codons. Synonymous codons naturally occur with different …

The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for hundreds of millions of cases of
malaria, and kills more than one million African children annually. Here we report an …

Proper functioning of biological cells requires that the process of protein expression be
carried out with high efficiency and fidelity. Given an amino‐acid sequence of a protein …

Differences between males and females in the optimal phenotype that is favoured by
selection can be resolved by the evolution of differential gene expression in the two sexes …

We measured the expression pattern and analyzed codon usage in 8,133, 1,550, and 2,917
genes, respectively, from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and …