Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20: 4 n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by
the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18: 2 n-6). This review considers the essential role …

In mammals, phosphate balance is maintained by influx and efflux via the intestines,
kidneys, bone, and soft tissue, which involves multiple sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) …

Metabolic bone disease is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is
part of a broad spectrum of disorders of mineral metabolism that occur in this clinical setting …

Serum calcium levels are regulated by the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Major
drivers of PTH hypersecretion and parathyroid cell proliferation are the hypocalcemia and …

Background The interest on magnesium (Mg) has grown since clinical studies have shown
the efficacy of Mg-containing phosphate binders. However, some concern has arisen for the …

Small decreases in serum Ca2+ and more prolonged increases in serum phosphate (Pi)
stimulate the parathyroid (PT) to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 …

The phosphate (Pi) retention in patients with chronic kidney disease leads to secondary
hyperparathyroidism (2HPT). 2HPT is the physiological response of the parathyroid not only …

Phosphorus plays a vital role in diverse biological processes including intracellular
signaling, membrane integrity, and skeletal biomineralization; therefore, the regulation of …

Parathyroid hyperplasia in uremic rats precedes down-regulation of the calcium receptor.
Background Recent evidence points to a relationship between the down-regulation of the …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone produced by bone
and exerts its function in the target organs by binding the FGF receptor (FGFR) and Klotho …