Although humans are the only species to possess language-driven abstract mathematical
capacities, we share with many other animals a nonverbal capacity for estimating quantities …

Evolution selects for traits that are of adaptive value and increase the fitness of an individual
or population. Numerical competence, the ability to estimate and process the number of …

Our understanding of how the human brain performs mathematical calculations is far from
complete, but in recent years there have been many exciting breakthroughs by scientists all …

Whether small numerical quantities are represented by a special subitizing system that is
distinct from a large-number estimation system has been debated for over a century. Here …

The mapping of number onto space is fundamental to measurement and mathematics.
However, the mapping of young children, unschooled adults, and adults under attentional …

There is considerable interest in how humans estimate the number of objects in a scene in
the context of an extensive literature on how we estimate the density (ie, spacing) of objects …

The numerosity of small numbers of objects, up to about four, can be rapidly appraised
without error, a phenomenon known as subitizing. Larger numbers can either be counted …

Subitizing is the immediate apprehension of the exact number of items in small sets. Despite
more than a 100years of research around this phenomenon, its nature and origin are still …

Studies of human adults, infants, and non-human animals demonstrate that non-symbolic
numerical cognition is supported by at least two distinct cognitive systems: a “parallel …

The last decade has seen a rapid growth in our understanding of the cognitive systems that
underlie mathematical learning and performance, and an increased recognition of the …