Variability in the environment defines the structure and dynamics of all living systems, from
organisms to ecosystems. Species have evolved traits and strategies that allow them to …

Abstract Development in many organisms appears to show evidence of sensitive windows—
periods or stages in ontogeny in which individual experience has a particularly strong …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Shannon information theory provides various measures of so-called syntactic information,
which reflect the amount of statistical correlation between systems. By contrast, the concept …

An essential introduction to the philosophy of biology This is a concise, comprehensive, and
accessible introduction to the philosophy of biology written by a leading authority on the …

Information is characterized as the reduction of uncertainty and by a change in the state of a
receiving organism. Thus, organisms can acquire information about their environment that …

Current knowledge of the genetic, epigenetic, behavioural and symbolic systems of
inheritance requires a revision and extension of the mid-twentieth-century, gene …

Life depends as much on the flow of information as on the flow of energy. Here we review
the many efforts to make this intuition precise. Starting with the building blocks of information …

Two ways in which organisms adapt to variable environments are phenotypic plasticity and
bet-hedging. Theory suggests that bet-hedging is expected to evolve in unpredictable …