Epilepsy is broadly characterized by aberrant neuronal excitability. Glutamate is the
predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain; thus, much of past …

There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that …

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of
various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of …

The synapsins are a family of neuronal phosphoproteins evolutionarily conserved in
invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. Their best-characterised function is to modulate …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous illness for which there are currently no
effective methods to objectively assess severity, endophenotypes, or response to treatment …

Why is there consciousness in a universe of matter and energy? What happens in the brain
when we see and hear? Why do humans--and apparently only humans--have spoken …

Sensory experience and the resulting synaptic activity within the brain are critical for the
proper development of neural circuits. Experience-driven synaptic activity causes membrane …

Neurotrophic factors are critical regulators of the formation and plasticity of neuronal
networks. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is abundant in the brain and periphery …

The hippocampus is one of several limbic brain structures implicated in the pathophysiology
and treatment of mood disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that stress and …

One of the unique characteristics of higher organisms is their ability to learn and adapt to
changes in their environment. This plasticity is largely a result of the brain's ability to convert …