The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of
the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of …

The vagina has been used as a mucosal drug delivery route for a long time. Its single
characteristics can be either limitative or advantageous when drug delivery is considered …

Ingestion is an important exposure route for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to
enter the human body. Although the formation of hazardous PAH metabolites by human …

The woman's body presents a number of unique anatomical features that can constitute
valuable routes for the administration of drugs, either for local or systemic action. These are …

The vagina stands as an important alternative to the oral route for those systemic drugs that
are poorly absorbed orally or are rapidly metabolized by the liver. Drug permeation through …

This chapter reviews the basic concepts of vaginal drug delivery alongside the latest
developments and future perspectives in the field. Particular focus is set in essential aspects …

Aim To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 25 μg of estradiol gel on postmenopausal vaginal
tissue. Methods This randomized double‐blind controlled trial included postmenopausal …

Vaginal microbicides, designed to prevent HIV infection in women, are one of the most
promising biomedical interventions. Clinical trials of second-generation microbicides have …

Vaginal administration is a promising alternative to the per-oral route in achieving systemic
or local therapeutic effects, when intestinal drug absorption is hindered by problematic …

While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a
baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate …