Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes that degrade 3′, 5′-cyclic nucleotides, are being
pursued as therapeutic targets for several diseases, including those affecting the nervous …

Abstract The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating
levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been …

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are activated by inflammatory mediators to secrete extracellular
matrix for collagen deposition, leading to liver fibrosis. Ferroptosis is iron-and lipid …

3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediates the effects of sympathetic
stimulation on the rate and strength of cardiac contraction. Beyond this pivotal role, in …

Upregulation of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1) has been suggested to
promote tumor growth and metastasis. However, the factors governing its cellular levels …

Liver fibrosis is a pathological process of abnormal tissue proliferation in the liver caused by
various pathogenic factors, which will further develop into cirrhosis or even hepatocellular …

Background Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is overexpressed during pulmonary fibrosis
(PF) and exacerbates PF; however, the upregulation of HSP27 during PF and the …

Background Mesangial cell fibrosis, a typical symptom of diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a
major contributor to glomerulosclerosis. We previously reported that the pharmacological …

The importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cellular responses to
extracellular signals is well established. Many years after discovery, our understanding of …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) acts as a key cytokine in epithelial− mesenchymal
transition (EMT) and myofibroblast differentiation, which are important for normal tissue …