Calcareous stones, such as marble and limestone, have been widely used in ancient
architecture due to their durability, abundance, and ease of extraction and workability …

Eutrophication has been analyzed mostly in aquatic or soil environments to date. Direct
terrestrial eutrophication of building materials and buildings, contrary eg to their …

Climatic factors, mainly rainfall, temperature and relative humidity, air pollution and
biological activity influence the processes of stone degradation. This article analyses results …

The microbial precipitation of CaCO 3 is an emerging strategy for the consolidation of
decayed limestone. Strains of Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp. isolated from black crusts …

Samples of black crust from the Roman-era monument of the Library of Hadrian (Athens)
have been collected to perform chemical and mineralogical characterization of the …

This article discloses a rare and outstanding type of Mn-rich black-blue patina found on
mural painting and granite ashlars located in the church of Sta. Marinha, north of Portugal …

Pigeon droppings are implicated in spoiling and decay of buildings. Several studies have
examined the effects and chemistry of accumulations of pigeon droppings under highly …

The study is focused on the analysis of black crust and soiling on the building materials of
the medieval Lipowiec Castle in southern Poland. The castle was constructed using local …

Monitoring environmental factors such as pollutants, relative humidity, light, etc. is needed to
ensure a proper preventive conservation of cultural heritage. Since existing systems are …

In recent years, Desulfovibrio vulgaris has been used to clean marble statues affected by
gypsum black crusts. Many studies showed that “biocleaning” is very selective: chemical …