Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory
responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification …

Abstract The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms
involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is …

Pain associated with mechanical, chemical, and thermal heat stimulation of the ocular
surface is mediated by trigeminal ganglion neurons, while cold thermoreceptors detect …

Over the last two decades, a large number of non-communicable/chronic disorders reached
an epidemic level on a global scale such as diabetes mellitus type 2, cardio-vascular …

The precorneal tear film is a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and electrolytes
with different structures and functionalities. Sustainable production of each tear component …

Dry eye is a common ocular surface inflammatory disease that significantly affects quality of
life. Dysfunction of the lacrimal function unit (LFU) alters tear composition and breaks ocular …

Biomarkers provide a powerful and dynamic approach to improve our understanding of the
mechanisms underlying ocular diseases with applications in diagnosis, disease modulation …

The aim of the subcommittee report was to review published evidence describing tear film
changes secondary to contact lens wear and to examine the evidence for associations …

Keratoconus, historically viewed as a non-inflammatory disease, is an ectatic corneal
disorder associated with progressive thinning of the corneal stroma. Recently, a few …

Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal ecstasia characterized by thinning and
weakening of the cornea that leads to a cone-like appearance, scarring, and decreased …