Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in aging, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney
disease (CKD). VC is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the CKD …

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in the general
population and in patients with coronary artery disease. The pathogenesis of CAC and bone …

At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their
effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and …

To treat systemic bone loss as in osteoporosis and/or focal osteolysis as in rheumatoid
arthritis or periodontal disease, most approaches target the osteoclasts, the cells that resorb …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an inherently systemic disease that refers to a long-term
loss of kidney function. The progression of CKD has repercussions for other organs, leading …

The discovery of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in the mid 1990s for the regulation of bone
resorption has led to major advances in our understanding of how bone modeling and …

Vascular calcification is highly associated with cardiovascular disease mortality, particularly
in high-risk patients with diabetes and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). In blood vessels …

The discovery of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/
osteoprotegerin (OPG) system and its role in the regulation of bone resorption exemplifies …

with the matrix and with the periodicity of negative charges on collagen. Crystals initially
form octacalcium phosphate [Ca8H2 (PO4) 6· 5H2O], which reorganizes and seeds epitaxial …

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective
roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong …